Governments, Including The Government Of The United States, Are Not Ne

Governments, including the government of the United States, are not neutral. They represent dominant economic interests and their constitutions are intended to serve these interests. The Constitution of the United States is the central instrument of American government and supreme law of the land. For 200 years, it has guided the evolution of governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, economic growth and social progress. It is almost universally agreed that the delegates to the Constitutional Convention drafted an amazing document. However, this does not mean that those drafting the Constitution completely put aside all economic and sectional interests. In fact, they did not. As a result, the Constitution in its original form, while remarkable in many ways, was the result of disagreements among the drafters. A jumble of compromises, the new Constitution was geared toward the advantaged and the wealthy and not wholly representative of the new nation's rich diversity. One thing the delegates did agree upon was the sense of potential disaster and the need for drastic change. All of the delegates were convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the impotent Congress established by the Articles of Confederation. Beyond that, sharp differences of opinion, often based on sectional or economic differences, threatened at times to disrupt the Convention and cut short its proceedings before a constitution was even drafted. A good example of sectional bickering was the debate over state's representation in Congress. The larger state's argued in favor of proportional representation in the legislature--each state should have voting power according to its population. The smaller states, fearing domination by larger ones, insisted on equal representation. The issue was settled by the "Great Compromise," giving every state equal representation in one house of Congress, and proportional representation in the other. In the Senate, every state would have two seats. In the House of Representatives, the number of seats would depend on population. Another compromise made based on sectional differences was the 3/5 compromise that dealt with the counting of slave for representation purposes. Southern states, wanting to increase their amount of power in Congress wanted slaves to be counted just as everyone else. The North, attempting to maintain its advantage in population wanted slaves to be left out of the counting. It was eventually settled that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person. Were the Founding Fathers wise and just men arguing over the philosophies behind the new government and trying to achieve a good balance? In fact they did not want a balance at all, except one that kept things as they were, a balance between the dominant forces at the time. A fair and just government for all the inhabitants of the United States would not have been in their economic interests at all and thus most of their disagreements were based of economic grounds. They certainly did not want an equal balance between slaves and masters, propertyless and property holders, Indians and white, women and men. A majority of the delegates were lawyers by profession and were generally men of wealth in land, slaves, manufacturing or shipping. Thus, most of the makers of the Constitution had a direct economic interest in establishing a strong federal government. Yet the delegates were hesitant, they knew the Constitution would never be ratified if it served only their economic interests in the form of strong central government. They had to compromise. The Constitution, then, illustrates the complexity of the American system: that it serves the wealthy elite, but also does enough for small property owners and the middle class to build a broad base of support. This base of support was used a buffer against blacks, Indians and poor whites. Four groups were not represented in the Constitutional Convention however, slave, indentured servants, women and men without property. And so the Constitution did not reflect the interests of those groups. The Constitutional Convention was not the angelic, intellectual free exchange of ideas many people believe it to be. The Constitution is a jumble of compromises stemming from sectional and economic interests of those who drafted it. Qualifications for voting at state levels required in most cases the owning of property and excluded women, Indians and slaves. There were no popular elections to the higher offices of the federal government, the people were originally only allowed to vote for state officials. Though the people had to be checked, Madison wrote in his Federalist Papers, men of substance a

What is communism Essay Example

What is communism Essay Example What is communism Essay What is communism Essay â€Å"Communism is defined as a classless political system. It is a political theory or system in which all property and wealth is owned by all the members of that society.†(Microsoft Dictionary)In such a society, groups are the possessors of major resources as well as production means.s Theoretically, communism gives equal works and benefits to every society member.It derived from many resources like Plato’s Republic and also the early Christian community.Communism and World affairsWith ChinaInternational community were astonished in 1963 following disagreement between China and soviet union (USSR).The two countries had formerly been strong allies in cold war against America as well as Western Europe.With AmericaLeadership crises and alteration in international climate altered the America-Soviet relation post-1945.Cold war limit the mutual cooperation in 1962.America and Soviet Union had clashes over the activities of soviet in Cuba. USSR had close relation with Fidel Castro leadership in Cuba and assured him of help in case of American attack. Following stationing of missiles by Soviet in 1962 in Cuba. J.F Kennedy asked them to retreat and Khrushchev responded and commanded the withdrawal .Moscow was consistent in support to Cuban economy via trade and aids .The Cuban soldiers as well as the advisers assisted in the advancement of Soviet policy in both Asia and Africa post 1976.With other Asian countriesThe USSR backed the communist forces of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam post-WWII and went into agreement of cooperation with him in 1950 .The USSR involve in Geneva accord in 1954 that divided the Vietnam into North and South .Support was given to Ho’s leadership in communist North when a fight broke out between US- backed anti-communist and communist forces that were out to reunite the country.With African countriesThe interest was stimulated following the decolonization and assumption of power by leaders in need of aid from Moscow in order to so lve their problems. In the 1960’s, the Congo DR Patrice Lumumba supported by Soviet Union was killed in a rebellion in 1961 .Kwame of Ghana and his socialist leadership were displaced in 1966. A friendly government was enthroned in Angola in 1970’s by Soviet union with the aid of Cuba.With western EuropeIn 1955, Soviet established relationship with the West Germany. They fuelled repeated crises between West and East Germany .Friendship with West Germany Improved by the end of the decade following the emergence of Social Democratic Government (SDG) in Bonn. South and West Germany signed agreement in 1970 renouncing the use of forces in settling disputes.The Demise of Soviet Unionâ€Å"Conflict over constitutional and economic issues brought the Soviet Union to the brink of civil war and prompted its disintegration into 15 volatile successor states in 1991†(Colton, Microsoft Encarta).To start with, the year 1985 marked a watershed in the communist rulership in Rus sia. Mikhail was promoted to the status of General Secretary. He had a vision of what to do to sustain communism in Russia making him to initiate a programme known as â€Å"Perestroika† targeted at assisting the rebuilding of government and military but the main aim was to facilitate Soviet living standard.Perestroica however turned out to be a failure. The year 1991 witnessed a sharp worsening of economy before the eyes of Gorberchev and he was helpless. Thereafter, the USSR voted out of reality in Dec 1991 and Gorbachev quitted as president of the former Soviet Union. Finally, communism destroyed the soviet empire. The bug of communism finally demised the last bit of energy from Russian nation in the period of 1980’s and 1990’s leading to the disintegration and demise of the Soviet Union.In conclusion, one of the major reasons for the demise of the communism is that the government failed to measure up to standard in her promise for a better quality of life to people Another factor is the failure of the government to properly handle both social and foreign affairs. The Challenge facing Russia now is the responsibility and a task that may be impractical, a voyage that may take many years. However it is believed that in the nearest future, Russia may regain a stable and well-balanced government.

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez Essay

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez - Essay Example The manner in which each institution acts on the society is controlled by numerous factors. This is aimed at separating individuals who earn their income using unlawful means from ones who with legal sources of income. This is therefore what is represented by indigenous organizations. This separation is in regard to the geographic means since these institutions put into consideration areas with more security and ones with high crime rates. Normally, illegal groups live in the crime-ridden areas because they won't have to care about the police. This is due to the fact that there is no constant presence of police officers. On the other hand, social networks are organizations that aim at helping people to find jobs. One thing that is being noticed is that there are certain jobs which are exclusive to a certain ethnic-racial group since what really matters is the number of that group. The third institution, the local subculture, is responsible for controlling means through which a family gets aid (219). That is, the needs and mentality of the family are the main factors that will determine whether the family will be given the welfare’s aid or not. Usually, size and the role of each family member define the structure of the family. A neighborhood, ethnic group, and family structure are the other factors which influence these three institutions. First, the existence of police officers in certain neighborhoods provides the chance for the illegal networks to work away from police-view. Second, ethnicity is the major factor which the social networks put into consideration (who works where). This is acc ording to its assertion above that every certain race dominates certain kind of jobs. Furthermore, a big role is played by the family structure in the subcultures and determines the manner through which aid would be distributed among the members.

Conflict Resolution Interviews, Field Experience Activity, the Three C Essay

Conflict Resolution Interviews, Field Experience Activity, the Three Cs of Conflict Resolution - Essay Example Conflicting parties capitalize on others deficiencies as well as intensifying painful emotions. Conflicts could also satisfy the psychological needs of those indirectly involved. Fix solutions to these conflicts comprise of considering the consequences, which helps in avoidance of negative outcomes thereby solving the conflict. In addition, dialogue, mediation and negotiation could be employed in resolving conflicts between personnel (Morrill 245-256). The principal’s role in dealing with conflicts entails an integrative and collaborative process as well as the discipline of decision making as elements of strategic leadership. These aspects of leadership enable the principal to adopt, define, and understand shared managerial purposes, goals, and priorities based on the vision and identity of the human resource personnel. The principal’s role in conflict resolution, therefore, encompasses elements of human values, information, responsibility and responsiveness, organizational culture as well as conceptual and integrative thinking. The principal’s key responsibility revolves around his ability to communicate effectively with stakeholders, faculty, and students. Communication strategies have offered numerous opportunities for non-campus or central office based interns’ improvement plans. The principal could influence interns’ through their relationships, credibility, expertise, and knowledge. In addition, the principal could generate new realities for interns concerning the campus activities and its organization. Communication strategies also enable the principal to understand and use appropriate tactics in dealing with interns in writing and orally. Communication systems take into account other people’s points of views as well as acknowledging the different perspectives of both the principal and the stakeholders in providing their contributions.  Ã‚  

Social Gender Essay Example for Free

Social Gender Essay Gender is a collection of expectations and privileges that is assigned to people of a different sex. Sex is a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying a person as male or female. Everyone can relate to social gender roles and the effect it has on the person we are today. Lorber in Night to his Day: The Construction of Gender says, everyone does gender unknowingly due to it being done so often. Without us recognizing we are shaped and forced into doing gender by others and society. Gender roles give certain people a certain around sorority and social status levels as to males being masculine strong individuals, who brings home the bacon, who are independent and able to take care of the needs of himself and his family. On the other hand females in western society have be seen as being feminine, nurturing, beautiful, loving, takes care of all house duties, and always have a meal prepared for her husband when he is finished his long day at work. Lorber says, In todays society gender roles are drastically changing for men and women. Today fathers are taking care of little children, girls and little boys are wearing unisex clothing and getting the same education, women and men are working at the same Job (336). Dating back to over 100 years ago gender roles and differences have been very strict, we see in todays society that it is drastically changing and that males and females are able to accomplish the same task. Lots of students may have misconceptions on gender in society today. Gender is not always understood due to the drastic change in the roles in society today. It is not always evident how it has an effect on our lives and how it has molded us into the persons we are today. Without knowing many students do gender unknowingly through everyday activities, such as what we wear, how we talk, and the way we act around one another. By freshman students reading Lorbers, Night to his Day: The Construction of Gender it will give them understanding on social gender and how it is changing in society today. Gender before was attached to a person by the way you look, act, and do thing different things. As seen in earlier times, men have worked outside their homes, being the main source of income for their family. As for that they held some of the most powerful positions and Jobs in society, such Lawyer, and politician. Women on the other hand, ruled the home. They were expected to stay home raise children and have an evening meal prepared for or another stereotypical female position. Now females are high ranking officials, judges and are making huge impacts on life today.

Love, Betrayal, Hubris, and Relationships in Cyrano de Bergerac Essays

Love, Betrayal, Hubris, and Relationships in Cyrano de Bergerac  Ã‚     Ã‚     French authors and playwrights have been acclaimed worldwide for their dynamic prose, complex situations, and unpredictable endings. The same praises hold true for Edmond Eugene Alexis Rostand. Born of Provencal ancestry on April 1, 1868, Rostand was well-learned, as evidenced by his extensive childhood education as a student of the lycee of Marseille. His father was a prominent member of the Marseille Academy. As a direct result of this high influence, Rostand concluded his studies at the College Stanislas in Paris. He studied, under the direction of the then-renowned Professor Rene Doumic, the works of those creme de la creme authors held in high esteem -- Victor Hugo, Alfred de Musset, and William Shakespeare. His interactions with both Spanish and French cultures helped augment his success as a dramatic poet. Furthermore, Rostand assisted Emile Zola in supporting Captain Dreyfus, who was unjustly convicted of treason (Kahr 186). As a Meridional, Rostand was heavily inspired by Victor Hugo. In college, Rostand found "a literary world . . . where naturalism and exoticism flourished" (vii). This attitude was formed as a result of the catastrophic Franco-Prussian War of 1870. As a member of the 1880s generation, Rostand was also influenced to become the ideal Romanticist of his time. Rostand's fourth play, Cyrano de Bergerac, afforded him the most fame. Rostand generally modeled his plays after traditional, romantic subjects and settings. A vast majority of the success of Rostand's play can be accredited to an interesting plot, a rich and sophisticated vocabulary, and real-life dialogue (to those of his lifetime). Cyrano de Bergerac, the play, debuted ... .... "Rostand, Edmond." The New Book of Knowledge. 1994 ed. "Rostand, Edmond." The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 22nd ed. 1994.       Outline I. Introduction A. Background B. Inspiration II. Leading to Cyrano A. Reasons B. Rostand's style C. Debut III. Precis of Cyrano IV. Commenting on Cyrano A. Length of Play B. Mentality of Cyrano characters C. Examples V. Rhetoric devices A. Tone 1. Commentary-example 1 2. Commentary-example 2 B. Diction 1. Commentary-example 1 2. Commentary-example 2 C. Point of view 1. Commentary-example 1 2. Commentary-example 2 VI. Overall Theme A. Major Theme B. Subsequent major themes VII. Conclusion A. Issues emphasized B. Rhetoric devices C. Overall conclusion of Rosatnd's work D. Clincher         

Richard Nixon and Supreme Court

Chapter 281. Which country did NOT become politically controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II? *Yugoslavia* 2. The Soviet Union first learned of the American atomic bomb how? *through the use of espionage* 3. The Baruch Plan would do what? 4. George Kennan's â€Å"containment† policy proposed what? *American vigilance regarding Soviet expansionist tendencies. * 5. George Kennan believed firmly that foreign policy should be left to whom? 6. The Truman Doctrine stated that American policy would be what? 7. The Marshall Plan proposed what? 8. Overall, did the Marshall Plan work? 9. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a departure for America in what way? 10. Who were the members of NATO? 11. NATO had what effect on the USSR? 12. The main Soviet response to containment was demonstrated by what? 13. When the Soviet Union sealed off the city of Berlin in 1948, President Harry Truman did what? 14. The National Security Act of 1947 established what? 15. The passage of the National Security Act in 1947 did what to the military? 16. As a result of Cold War military reforms, the dominant branch of the American armed forces became the †¦ 17. The defense policy statement known as NSC-68 advocated what? 18. One of Chiang Kai-shek's biggest problems by 1945 was inflation, which had risen to ________ percent per year. 19. During the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur actions could be described how? 20. In the Korean War, the Chinese threatened a massive invasion of Korea if the United States did what? 21. In the final analysis, the most significant result of the Korean War was what? 22. A major political consequence of the Cold War was what? 23. When Congress voted to end wartime price controls, prices rose ________ percent in two years. 24. The leader of the Dixiecrats in the election of 1948 was 25. The most famous disclosure of espionage activities in the U. S. government in the late 1940s involved the case of what person? 26. What happened to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg ? 27. The leading figure of the Red Scare of the early 1950s wasChapter 291. The individual who invented the concept of mass construction of suburban homes was 2. The most significant social trend in the postwar era in America was 3. What were the stimuli to American economic growth in the late 1940s and early 1950s? 4. Critical to life in the suburbs in the 1950s was what? 5. In 1946, Dr. Benjamin Spock wrote a bestselling book on what? 6. Between 1940 and 1960, American wives were more and more doing what? 7. People's attitudes toward organized religion in the 1950s was what? 8. A major increase in federal funding for education was passed in response to what? 9. The â€Å"beats† were what? 10. The tone for the so-called â€Å"beat† movement was set by the novelist was who? 11. The artistic counterpart of â€Å"beat† social protest literature was what? 12. By 1960, the most racially integrated institution in American society was what? 13. The first president to attempt seriously to alter the historic pattern of racial discrimination in the United States was who? 14. Who was Earl Warren? 15. The NAACP lawyer who argued the Brown v. Board of Education decision before the Supreme Court was who? 16. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that school segregation what? 17. The Deep South responded to court-ordered desegregation how? 18. The Arkansas governor who defied U. S. Supreme Court orders to integrate public schools was who? 19. President Eisenhower had to send in federal troops in 1957 to enforce the desegregation of the public schools in what city? 20. Rosa Parks started what? 21. The Montgomery bus boycott led to what? 22. Martin Luther King, Jr. ‘s philosophy of protest stressed what? 23. Greensboro, North Carolina, was the site of what? 24. The baby boom led to a ______increase in the U. S. population between 1950 and 1960. 25. _______ became a normal part of suburban life during the 1950s. 26. Were The Supreme Court decisions declaring segregation illegal readily accepted by most Americans in the 1950s?Chapter 301. Critical to John F. Kennedy's victory in the election of 1960 was his what? 2. John F. Kennedy's domestic program was known as the 3. The Soviet leader with whom both Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy had to deal was who? 4. Under John F. Kennedy, the United States government did what with the Vietnam war? 5. The ________ was Kennedy's most obvious foreign policy disaster. 6. What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis? 7. John F. Kennedy played down civil rights legislation because why? 8. When President Johnson managed to get Congress to pass Kennedy's proposed tax cut in 1964, the result was what? 9. Lyndon Johnson's main theme in the election of 1964 was what? 10. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did what? 11. The ________ established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 12. Lyndon Johnson's domestic program was called what? 13. In the election of 1964, President Lyndon Johnson easily defeated who? 14. In his program of health care, President Lyndon Johnson secured passage of what? 15. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 did what? 16. Was The foreign policy of Lyndon Johnson unique? 17. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson sent American soldiers to ________ in order to prevent a communist takeover there. 18. American bombing of North Vietnam was successful or not? 19. In general, American tactics in the Vietnam War were successful or not? 20. Civil rights leader ________ advocated â€Å"black power. † 21. Cesar Chavez is known for what? 22. For the United States, the turning point of the Vietnam War was called what? 23. Major race riots swept several American cities when?Chapter 311. What was the main focus of the Nixon presidency? 2. Who served as Nixon's national security adviser during his first term? 3. Nixon's program to improve relations with the Soviet Union was known as what? 4. Why did the United States resume relations with China? 5. The SALT treaties involved what? 6. The SALT I agreements did what? 7. The Arab oil boycott of 1973-1974 was precipitated by what? 8. The international oil organization most responsible for raising petroleum prices in the 1970s was 9. In the spring of 1980, the prime rate reached ________ percent. 10. The first president to appoint a woman to the Supreme Court was who? 11. What is unique about Gerald Ford ? 12. To end criticism of the CIA, Gerald Ford appointed ________ to head the agency. 13. President Gerald Ford's brief â€Å"honeymoon† with the American public ended when he did what? 14. In the election of 1976, Jimmy Carter defeated who? 15. The Camp David Accords provided a framework for peace negotiations between ? 16. In 1979, revolutionaries in ________ took U. S. diplomats hostage. 17. The Cold War remained dormant throughout the 1970s until what happened? 18. The central tenet of Reagan's approach to foreign policy was what belief? 19. In 1979, the Sandinista Coalition succeeded in overthrowing the repressive Somoza regime in what country? 20. The Reagan administration's policies in the Middle East and Central America reached a tragic convergence when? 21. In 1984, ________ became the first woman ever nominated for the vice presidency by a major party. 22. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's new policies includedChapter 321. The only significant piece of social legislation to be enacted in the first Bush administration was what act? 2. Instead of reducing the deficit by $500 billion, the 1990 budget agreement had led to an increase of more than ________ in the national debt during Bush's presidency. 3. In 1989, popular demonstrations calling for democratic reform were violently suppressed in what country? 4. In 1989, communist regimes toppled (collapsed) in what countries? 5. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the new leader of Russia was who? 6. The U. S. allied military campaign against Iraq in 1991 was known as Operation ______. 7. What important shift occurred in American society during the 1980s? 8. By 2002, ________ had become the nation's largest ethnic minority. 9. ________ made up the fastest growing ethnic group at the beginning of the twenty-first century. 10. ________ ran for president in 1992 and 1996 as a third-party candidate. 11. President Clinton's greatest achievement in domestic affairs was what? 12. Bill Clinton was impeached for what? 13. The consumer advocate who ran as the Green Party candidate for president in 2000 was who? 14. The outcome of the 2000 presidential election hung on legal battles over the vote count in what state? 15. The largest of several business scandals in the early 2000s was the collapse of what company? 16. Osama bin Laden is most closely associated with what terror group? 17. The first move in the war on terror was the overthrow of a radical Islamist regime in what country? 18. The terrorist attacks on the United States led the George W. Bush administration to initiate a new global strategy known to its critics as what? 19. In 2002, President Bush called Iraq, Iran, and North Korea the what? 20. The second Persian Gulf War ended with the U. S. capture of what place? 21. Issues facing the nation in the early twenty-first century included what? 22. What is the correct chronological sequence of recent presidential administrations? 23. True or false, In the White House, Bill Clinton proved to be the most adept politician since Franklin D. Roosevelt. 24. True or false, One failure of Bill Clinton's first presidential term was his proposal for national health